Copper


A coppersmith, also known as a redsmith, is a person who makes artifacts from copper. The term redsmith comes from the color of copper. They are one of the few trades that have a mention in the Bible.

Coppersmith work started waning in the late 1970s and early 1980s and those in the sheetmetal trade began doing the coppersmith's work, the practices used being similar to those in the plumbing trade. Coppermiths in recent years have turned to pipe work, not only in copper but also stainless steel and aluminum, particularly in the aircraft industry.

The ankh is the sign chosen by Greek philosophers to represent  copper.  It is based on the Egyptian hieroglyph meaning “eternal life”Copper is generally considered to be a soft metal, meaning it can be worked without heating. Over a period of working the metal in this way it can “work harden”. This means that the molecules within the copper are compressed and irregular in their arrangement. This causes stress in the metal and eventually cracking the metal along these stress points. In order for the copper to be worked to any extensive degree it must be annealed. This process involves heating the metal and then rapidly cooling it in water. The cooling stage is known as quenching. By heating the copper, the molecules in the metal are relaxed, and able to align themselves in a more uniform fashion. This allows for easier shaping of the metal. In order to keep this uniformity within the metal, it is cooled instantly. This prevents the molecules from moving around and causing tension in the structure of the metal. Unlike ferrous metals—which must be cooled slowly to anneal—copper can be cooled slowly in air or quickly by quenching in water.



Workshop of a coppersmith. The oldest units are from the period around 1850.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coppersmith

If you want to try coppersmithing, here is specific advice from
Master Coppersmith Serge Nekrassoff

http://www.kellscraft.com/Nekrassoff/Nekrassoff_SciIllusArticle.html

You can buy yourself an adequate group of metal working tools for about $25, and begin your first project on a pre-cut disk. A soft copper blank 10 inches in diameter, of 18 guage thickness, costs about $1.15. You can shape it on a sandbag, as shown in the photos, or on a wooden form. Most of the tools and materials are available from hobby supply dealers or such suppliers as Universal Handicrafts Service, Inc., 1267 Avenue of the Americas, New York, N. Y.

The Tools You Should Have

  • Vise
  • Sandbag
  • Scriber
  • Compass
  • Metal Shears
  • Jeweller's saw
  • Ball peen hammer
  • Combination hammer
  • Raising hammer
  • Wooden forming mallet
  • Horn mallet
  • Square anvil
  • Round anvil
  • Dome anvil
  • Slope anvil
  • Buffing wheel

Pointers on the Work

  1. Don't be afraid of the metal. Put plenty of elbow grease into your first few projects. If you are working on a sandbag, the first few hammer blows may produce a crumpled effect in the metal that will seem frightening, but keep at it. It doesn't take long to transform that seemingly hopeless mass into a bowl. Avoid making tight creases in the metal. they're difficult to remove, and may cause cracks.
  2. Try different methods of working the metal -- not merely the conventional ones. Watch the different shapes produced during the work. Some of the intermediate forms may suggest a new design to you. If you like the particular effect, try to reproduce it in scrap copper, then plan to apply it in a finished project. When you complete your first project, do a thorough job. Your first work can be fine work.
  3. Remember your mistakes, and remember the steps that led up to them. If you can't correct them, you can at least avoid repeating them. Don't be afraid of spoiling a project or two when you are a beginner, but be sure to learn the reasons of your failures. Plan your first few projects so as to use metal in economical sizes. Then you won't have a "timid hammer," and your work will be better.
  4. Use soft copper before you try other harder metals like brass or silver. When you feel it harden during the work, anneal it by heating it to a dull red and quenching it in water. Use care when you do it, and take precautions to protect yourself from splatter. As you become more more experienced, you'll be able to do much of your work without annealing your metal at all.
  5. Learn to guage the power in your hammer blows so that you can produce the result you want in the metal without distorting it. Practice hammering in a single spot so that you develop accuracy. Learn to do this in a regular rhythm, and you will be able to move your work under the hammer blows for accurate shaping. Use a heavy bench or the end of an upright log for a working surface.

Manufacture of Hollowware

The way in which hollowware such as saucepans, kettles and dishes have been made is a good guide to quality, age and durability. Methods differ between craftsman coppersmith and quantity production and have changed through the years. Both can achieve fitness for purpose and both methods have always had to be made at a price to suit the market. The production techniques involved can include cutting, raising, seaming, deep drawing, spinning, brazing, welding and riveting. For cooking utensils, the insides are usually tinned after manufacture. Some recent production is of course intended only as interior decor rather than being for serious use.

Joining Copper

Copied from: http://www.oldcopper.org/joining_copper.htm#_Toc80270516

Hollowware has to be produced as a three-dimensional vessel from flat sheet since neither casting nor hot forging are usually economic options. Methods have developed significantly through the centuries and these are generally obvious in the finished product. Initially, the basic need is to form the sidewalls and join them to a base. Spouts, handles and lids are fitted as needed. Traditional techniques involve cutting out copper sheet to form the sidewall, forming it to cylindrical shape and making a joint.

Dovetailed, Castellated or Cramped Joints

A brazed butt joint is not strong enough so an overlap must be used to give a bigger contact area for the join. A simple overlap is still not strong enough to take a battering in service, so the coppersmith's technique is to make what appears to be a 'cramped', 'dovetailed' or 'castellated' joint. This involves forming a feathering by hammering the edges of the sheet to about half their original thickness and then cutting slits at right angles to the edge. These are bent out alternately and mated with the edge to be joined. The flaps are then hammered close to give a good friction fit that can be sealed by brazing or silver-soldering. Note that the description 'Dovetailing' gives a joint of different type to that found with wood.  The 'dovetails' are not keyed together right through the joint as for wood but overlapped and cramped as described. Coppersmiths much prefer to describe the joint as 'cramped'.

Final finishing is by planishing the joint surface flat, so that it is the same thickness as the parent metal sheet. Normally, any handles or spouts are positioned to hide much of the sidewall joint.

As metalworking production techniques improved during the later 19th century it became possible to make tools to cut a regular castellated edge to copper sheets. This made joint making a much quicker and cheaper process. The serrations are usually closer spaced than hand cut joints.

To fit the base to the sidewalls with good quality smooth joints it is necessary to either bend up the circular base to fit the sidewall or bend the sidewall under to allow the base to be let in.  The second technique keeps the brazed joint out of sight under the vessel.  These methods were used commercially in Europe and America until around 1900.  The technique can still be used and is still seen on some modern imported products, frequently not of such good quality.

Improved machines have made it possible to make deeper and deeper vessels out of one piece of flat sheet by deep drawing or spinning.

Lockseams

Another way of making joints is by using lockseams. This can be done by hand or machine and involves folding over a narrow strip of metal from each of the pieces to be joined, interlocking them, and soldering the joint to make it permanent and watertight.





A water can made by Perry & Sons in the early 1900s that shows good quality lock seams. The handle has laps either side for strength and the ribs add decoration and rigidity.

Brazing

Using a filler of high-zinc brass it is easy to make brazed joints in copper items.  Traditionally, this was the filler used to finish cramped joints before hard solder became available.  It takes skill to make the joint neatly.




An example of poor quality recently made jointing and brazing that has been carried out in making this lidded jug with far more enthusiasm than skill.

Hard solder is a copper-silver alloy that melts at a lower temperature than braze metal. It is used sparingly on joints made with fine clearances and leaves very tidy joints.

Riveting

Traditionally, handles were fixed to the body of a vessel by riveting using copper rivets to give a good strong joint. Before rivets were available commercially they were made by the coppersmith from offcuts of copper folded and hammered to a round shape to fit the holes. Careful hammering ensured that a very neat joint was produced. Commercial rivets still need careful hammering to give a goood round head with no splits.


A splendid riveted repair to a damaged Victorian kettle that stands the test of time. A unique item for collectors!



A really ugly riveting job on a modern hand-made jug not made in Britain.  The handle itself is also split at the joint.

Welding

Where joints may still be needed in the production of deep modern copper cookware, overlap and brazing has been replaced as a jointing technique by mechanised arc welded (MIG - metal-inert-gas) butt joints.  Even after weld dressing, feint traces of the joints may be evident but do not affect the fitness for purpose of the products.

Arc Welding can now also be used for making butt joints in thinner metal for holloware such as jugs. Initially the development work was as an automated process to speed up the manufacture of domestic hot water cylinders. Having succeeded for light duty pressure vessels, the technique is now also used to help make holloware. Weld dressing is needed to give two good smooth sides to the joint.

Spinning

Spinning is a craft that developed when it became possible to keep a lathe revolving in one direction rather than use a bow string to drive it in alternate directions. A flat disc of metal is clamped against a shaped former held in the chuck. While this rotates, a wooden tool is held against it and pressure is applied to gradually form the disc to the shape needed. Bowls are easily made and vessels with parallel sides are possible within limits. Spinning marks are left by the tool, these being circumferential.

Deep drawing

This method is now used to produce many straight sided vessels and gives no need to form and join a separate base. This process also starts with circles that are cut from sheet. They are held between two pressure rings while a shaped punch forces the metal through the centre of a die in one of them. As the drawing takes place, the sides of the vessel are formed by being drawn between the punch and die. Some items may be made in one operation. Taller items may need a second or third draw and possibly subsequent forming to make the designed shape. Longitudinal drawing marks may well be evident, though with good lubrication and unworn dies they should be minimal and easily polished out. Frequently traces can be still be seen. The original rolling marks may still be seen on the un-deformed base of the vessel.






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